Introduction to the Subject The hydrological cycle. Hydrometeorological processes. Water balance

Specific Objectives

General introduction of the course General introduction to the planetary hydrological cycle and the hydrometeorological processes that comprise it, emphasizing the relationship with the oceans and with the importance for living beings and human society as it is linked to the availability of fresh water, essential for life in the planet

Dedication

Processes and atmospheric variables. Basic equations Observations. Air masses Fronts Interaction atmosphere-land-oceans. Cyclogenesis 1. Thermodynamics of dry air and humid air. Adiabatic and pseudoadiabatic processes. Humidity. 2. Atmospheric stability. Cloud and precipitation generation processes. 3. Thermodynamic diagrams. Radiosondeos. LCC, CAPE and CIN 4. Exercises. Radiosonde interpretation and anticipation of phenomena based on pressure, temperature and humidity profiles. 5. Precipitation generation processes. Droplet size growth processes. Convective and stratiform processes. 6. Characterization. Observation and measurement principles. Types of precipitation. 7. Precipitation forecast. 8. Exercises 9. Atmospheric models. Global, mesoscale and very high resolution models. Climate models. 10. NWP models for forecasting meteorological variables. Lead time, Uncertainty. Models by sets or ensembles. 11. Types of products of the different models. Interpretation of meteorological model products. 12. Analysis and interpretation of different types of meteorological situations through the products of weather forecast models. 13. Exercises with the METOCAT, AEMET, ECMWF, METEOSWISS AND METEOBLUE web pages.

Specific Objectives

Introduction to applied meteorology aimed at understanding the phenomena of atmospheric transport and ocean-ocean interaction. Introduction to atmospheric thermodynamics applied to understand the phenomena of atmospheric transport of water, energy and entropy. The focus is to understand the phenomenon of precipitation as the engine of the processes of the continental hydrological cycle, and the atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions. Principles of measurement and quantitative estimation are introduced, as well as methods for forecasting precipitation Become familiar with the different types of meteorological models currently available and with their outputs and products by understanding the basic concepts of how they work and their limitations. Learn how to manage meteorological model outputs and understand the meaning of the different products available with a focus on anticipating the phenomena of interaction of the atmosphere with the hydrosphere and with the oceans.

Dedication

1. The hydrological basin. Basin-scale processes. Geomorphological characterization of basins. Use of mapping data. 2. Water balance of a basin. 3. Statistical characterization of precipitation. Frequencies and return period. IDF curves. 4. Use of probabilistic axes. Statistical inference in non-Gaussian variables. Frequency estimation with real data 5. Statistical hydrology exercises. Extension to other hydrological variables. 6. Evapotranspiration. Estimation methods. Indirect calculation method through meteorological variables. The importance of the wind. 7. Water flow in unsaturated porous medium. Porosity, humidity and hydraulic conductivity. Darcy's Law. Infiltration and percolation. Empirical approaches to infiltration. 8. Runoff generation processes. Runoff from excess infiltration. Runoff due to excess saturation. Subsurface or interflow runoff. Contribution of flow in saturated zone. 9. Field studies and observations. Influence of land uses and urbanization. 10. Flow rates. Flow measurement principles. Curves and gauging stations. 11. Hydrograms. Hydrograph characterization. Characteristic times. Classified flow curves. 12. Exercises with real data. 13. Flow in saturated zone. Hydraulic potential. Flow lines and equipotential surfaces. Aquifers. Water table. Flows in saturated area. 14. Droughts 15.. Transport phenomena in the coastal zone. Saline intrusion. 16. Empirical calculation formulas at basin scale. Effective rain. Withholdings. Production function. Unit hydrograph. Hydrograph calculation exercises with real data. 17. Introduction to the concept of hydrological model. Types, characteristics, required data. Limitations. General conceptual scheme and differences between models. 18. Presentation and comparison of the SCS, TOPMODEL, HBV and LISFLOOD models. Optimization of parameters. Measures of the quality of a model. Sources of uncertainty. 19. Adjustment of models based on real data. Objective functions. Sensitivity analysis. Exercises with real data with the SCS, TOPMODEL and HBV models.

Specific Objectives

Introduction to hydrological processes at basin scale. Introduction to the statistical analysis of time series of observed data. Exercises with daily rains and flows, annual averages and annual maximums. Usual probability distribution laws in hydrological analysis. Calculation of frequencies and verification of the goodness of the chosen distribution law. Introduction to the evapotranspiration and infiltration processes with an approach oriented to understand the complexity of the phenomena and understand the empirical approaches usually used. Introduction to the runoff generation processes with an approach oriented to understand the complexity of the phenomena and understand the empirical approaches usually used. Introduction to the principles of flow measurement and exercises for obtaining hydrographs with real data. Introduction to the fundamental processes of flow in saturated areas with an approach aimed at understanding the complexity of phenomena and understanding the interactions in coastal areas. Introduction to the calculation of hydrographs in basins from the data usually available with an approach aimed at understanding the complexity of the phenomena and applying the most common empirical formulas to real data. Introduction to the use of hydrological models. Familiarization with some of the most common of different complexity. Understanding the limitations. Practice focused on becoming familiar with the operation of hydrological models with the support of computer programs. Manual and automatic parameter calibration exercises based on real data. Understanding the degree of complexity they have and the limitations in real use cases.

Dedication

Jobs, practices and exams

Dedication

1. Transport phenomena in the atmosphere, in rivers and in porous media. 2. Thermal and density currents. Laminar flow and turbulent flow. Drag phenomena. Initiation of sediment movement. 3. Transport of sediments and nutrients in the coastal zone.

Specific Objectives

Introduction to transport phenomena and review of basic concepts aimed at preparing laboratory practices.

Dedication